Toxicodendron rydbergii (Western Poison Ivy) |
Toxicodendron radicans (Eastern Poison Ivy) |
Flowers: Clusters 2-12 inches. Each flower about 1/16inches across. Greenish white petals. |
Flowers: Clusters up to 4 inches. Male and female flowers on separate plants. Each flower about 4/16inches across. Greenish white to yellowish green petals. |
Leaves and Stems: "The upper leaf surface is hairless and shiny, becoming dull with age... The underside... with a few hairs along the midvein." Cited website also has comment "often drooping" and "often folded along midrib". |
Leaves and Stems: "The upper leaf surface is sparsely covered in appressed hairs, the underside... more densely hairy especially along major veins. " "Plants can grow shrub-like with stems up to 1 inch diameter at breast height, or as a climbing vine with a trunk 2 or more inches in diameter and numerous aerial roots that latch onto tree bark for support." "Eastern Poison Ivy has hairy leaf stalks and hairier leaves and its growth habit is either more branching and shrub-like, or vining which Western Poison Ivy never does." |
Fruit ~1/8 inch in diameter. |
Fruit ~1/6 inch in diameter. |
All info above are from below excellent webpages:
https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/shrub/western-poison-ivy
https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/shrub/eastern-poison-ivy
Setaria faberi (Giant Foxtail) |
Setaria pumila (Yellow Foxtail) |
Setaria viridis (Green Foxtail) |
Size: 2-4ft |
Size: 1-3ft |
Size: 1-2ft |
Ligules and leaves: Ligules made up of stiff hairs. Small, short hairs along the upper surface of the leaf blades. |
Ligules and leaves: Ligules made up of stiff hairs. Long hairs near the base of the leaf blade (in the collar region i.e. where the leaf blade becomes the sheath) |
Ligules and leaves: Ligules made up of stiff hairs. Leaves hairless. |
Leaves: Twice compound. Bush-like. Most distinctive of the all four. |
Leaves: Generally elliptic to oblong in outline, tapering at both ends. FORKED lateral veins on underside. |
Leaves: Generally lance-shaped in outline, widest below the middle and gradually tapering at the tip end. FORKED lateral veins on underside. Persistent tuft of hair on the underside of the leaf at main stem and leaflet mid-nerve. |
Inflorescence A nodding inflorescence, 1-3 bristles |
Inflorescence An erect inflorescence, 1-3 bristles |
Inflorescence An erect inflorescence, 5-15 bristles |
"Bristles are different than awns – while awns emerge from the tip of the spikelets, bristles surround the base of the spikelet, and are found in clusters."
All above info are a summary from below excellent webpage:
https://extension.illinois.edu/blogs/grasses-glance/2022-07-18-comparing-foxtails#:~:text=Size,one%20to%20two%20feet%20tall.